Cast from concrete and stacked with over 3,000 pounds of sand-filled polypropylene sandbags, O'er the Ramparts draws on two parallel histories: the wartime use of sandbags to shield cultural monuments from bombardment, and their growing presence in contemporary urban architecture as flood barriers. The work sits at the intersection of protection and futility — a monument to the gestures we make when we know they may not be enough. Reviewed in the Washington Post as part of Monumental Washington, American University Museum, 2025.

2025, Installed at American University Museum

84 x 60 x 42 inches, cast concrete, polypropylene sandbags, 3000+ lbs sand